Recognition sequences for i-crei-derived meganucleases and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Methods of cleaving double-stranded DNA that can be recognized and cleaved by a rationally-designed, I-CreI-derived meganuclease are provided. Also provided are recombinant nucleic acids, cells, and organisms containing such recombinant nucleic acids, as well as cells and organisms produced using such meganucleases. Also provided are methods of conducting a custom-designed, I-CreI-derived meganuclease business.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/006,625, filed on Jan. 14, 2011, which is a Continuation of International Application PCT/US2009/50566 filed on Jul. 14, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/080,453, filed Jul. 14, 2008, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of molecular biology and recombinant nucleic acid technology. In particular, the invention relates to DNA sequences that can be recognized and cleaved by a non-naturally-occurring, rationally-designed, I-CreI-derived homing endonuclease and methods of using same. The invention also relates to methods of producing recombinant nucleic acids, cells, and organisms using such meganucleases which cleave such DNA sites. The invention further relates to methods of conducting a custom-designed, I-CreI-derived meganuclease business.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Genome engineering requires the ability to insert, delete, substitute and otherwise manipulate specific genetic sequences within a genome, and has numerous therapeutic and biotechnological applications. The development of effective means for genome modification remains a major goal in gene therapy, agrotechnology, and synthetic biology (Porteus et al. (2005), Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 967-73; Tzfira et al. (2005), Trends Biotechnol. 23: 567-9; McDaniel et al. (2005), Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16: 476-83). A common method for inserting or modifying a DNA sequence involves introducing a transgenic DNA sequence flanked by sequences homologous to the genomic target and selecting or screening for a successful homologous recombination event. Recombination with the transgenic DNA occurs rarely, but can be stimulated by a double-stranded break in the genomic DNA at the target site. Numerous methods have been employed to create DNA double-stranded breaks, including irradiation and chemical treatments. Although these methods efficiently stimulate recombination, the double-stranded breaks are randomly dispersed in the genome, which can be highly mutagenic and toxic. At present, the inability to target gene modifications to unique sites within a chromosomal background is a major impediment to successful genome engineering.

One approach to achieving this goal is stimulating homologous recombination at a double-stranded break in a target locus using a nuclease with specificity for a sequence that is sufficiently large to be present at only a single site within the genome (see, e.g., Porteus et al. (2005), Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 967-73). The effectiveness of this strategy has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms using chimeric fusions between an engineered zinc finger DNA-binding domain and the non-specific nuclease domain of the FokI restriction enzyme (Porteus (2006), Mol Ther 13: 438-46; Wright et al. (2005), Plant J. 44: 693-705; Urnov et al. (2005), Nature 435: 646-51). Although these artificial zinc finger nucleases stimulate site-specific recombination, they retain residual non-specific cleavage activity resulting from under-regulation of the nuclease domain and frequently cleave at unintended sites (Smith et al. (2000), Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 3361-9). Such unintended cleavage can cause mutations and toxicity in the treated organism (Porteus et al. (2005), Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 967-73).

A group of naturally-occurring nucleases which recognize 15-40 base-pair cleavage sites commonly found in the genomes of plants and fungi may provide a less toxic genome engineering alternative. Such “meganucleases” or “homing endonucleases” are frequently associated with parasitic DNA elements, such as group 1 self-splicing introns and inteins. They naturally promote homologous recombination or gene insertion at specific locations in the host genome by producing a double-stranded break in the chromosome, which recruits the cellular DNA-repair machinery (Stoddard (2006), Q. Rev. Biophys. 38: 49-95). Meganucleases are commonly grouped into four families: the LAGLIDADG family, the GIY-YIG family, the His-Cys box family and the HNH family. These families are characterized by structural motifs, which affect catalytic activity and recognition sequence. For instance, members of the LAGLIDADG family are characterized by having either one or two copies of the conserved LAGLIDADG motif (see Chevalier et al. (2001), Nucleic Acids Res. 29(18): 3757-3774). The LAGLIDADG meganucleases with a single copy of the LAGLIDADG motif form homodimers, whereas members with two copies of the LAGLIDADG motif are found as monomers.

Natural meganucleases, primarily from the LAGLIDADG family, have been used to effectively promote site-specific genome modification in plants, yeast, Drosophila, mammalian cells and mice, but this approach has been limited to the modification of either homologous genes that conserve the meganuclease recognition sequence (Monnat et al. (1999), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255: 88-93) or to pre-engineered genomes into which a recognition sequence has been introduced (Rouet et al. (1994), Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 8096-106; Chilton et al. (2003), Plant Physiol. 133: 956-65; Puchta et al. (1996), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 5055-60; Rong et al. (2002), Genes Dev. 16: 1568-81; Gouble et al. (2006), J. Gene Med. 8(5):616-622).

Systematic implementation of nuclease-stimulated gene modification requires the use of engineered enzymes with customized specificities to target DNA breaks to existing sites in a genome and, therefore, there has been great interest in adapting meganucleases to promote gene modifications at medically or biotechnologically relevant sites (Porteus et al. (2005), Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 967-73; Sussman et al. (2004), J. Mol. Biol. 342: 31-41; Epinat et al. (2003), Nucleic Acids Res. 31: 2952-62).

I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1) is a member of the LAGLIDADG family which recognizes and cleaves a 22 base pair recognition sequence in the chloroplast chromosome, and which presents an attractive target for meganuclease redesign. Genetic selection techniques have been used to modify the wild-type I-CreI recognition site preference (Sussman et al. (2004), J. Mol. Biol. 342: 31-41; Chames et al. (2005), Nucleic Acids Res. 33: e178; Seligman et al. (2002), Nucleic Acids Res. 30: 3870-9, Arnould et al. (2006), J. Mol. Biol. 355: 443-58). More recently, a method of rationally-designing mono-LAGLIDADG meganucleases was described which is capable of comprehensively redesigning I-CreI and other such meganucleases to target widely-divergent DNA sites, including sites in mammalian, yeast, plant, bacterial, and viral genomes (WO 2007/047859).

The DNA sequences recognized by I-CreI are 22 base pairs in length. One example of a naturally-occurring I-CreI recognition site is provided in SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3, but the enzyme will bind to a variety of related sequences with varying affinity. The enzyme binds DNA as a homodimer in which each monomer makes direct contacts with a nine base pair “half-site” and the two half-sites are separated by four base pairs that are not directly contacted by the enzyme (FIG. 1 a). Like all LAGLIDADG family meganucleases, I-CreI produces a staggered double-strand break at the center of its recognition sequences which results in the production of a four base pair 3′-overhang (FIG. 1 a). The present invention concerns the central four base pairs in the I-CreI recognition sequences (i.e. the four base pairs that become the 3′ overhang following I-CreI cleavage, or “center sequence”, FIG. 1 b). In the case of the native I-CreI recognition sequence in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 23S rRNA gene, this four base pair sequence is 5′-GTGA-3′. In the interest of producing genetically-engineered meganucleases which recognize DNA sequences that deviate from the wild-type I-CreI recognition sequences, it is desirable to know the extent to which the four base pair center sequence can deviate from the wild-type sequences. A number of published studies concerning I-CreI or its derivatives evaluated the enzyme, either wild-type or genetically-engineered, using DNA substrates that employed either the native 5′-GTGA-3′ central sequence or the palindromic sequence 5′-GTAC-3′. Recently, Arnould et. al. (Arnould et al. (2007), J. Mol. Biol. 371: 49-65) reported that a set of genetically-engineered meganucleases derived from I-CreI cleaved DNA substrates with varying efficiencies depending on whether the substrate sequences were centered around 5′-GTAC-3′,5′-TTGA-3′,5′-GAAA-3′, or 5′-ACAC-3′ (cleavage efficiency: GTAC>ACAC>>TTGA≈GAAA).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based, in part, upon the identification and characterization of a subset of DNA recognition sequences that can act as efficient substrates for cleavage by the rationally-designed, I-CreI-derived meganucleases (hereinafter, “I-CreI-derived meganucleases”).

In one aspect, the invention provides methods of identifying sets of 22 base pair DNA sequences which can be cleaved by I-CreI-derived meganucleases and which have, at their center, one of a limited set of four base pair DNA center sequences that contribute to more efficient cleavage by the I-CreI-derived meganucleases. The invention also provides methods that use such DNA sequences to produce recombinant nucleic acids, cells and organisms by utilizing the recognition sequences as substrates for I-CreI-derived meganucleases, and products incorporating such DNA sequences.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a method for cleaving a double-stranded DNA comprising: (a) identifying in the DNA at least one recognition site for a rationally-designed I CreI-derived meganuclease with altered specificity relative to I-CreI, wherein the recognition site is not cleaved by a naturally-occurring I-CreI, wherein the recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG; (b) providing the rationally-designed meganuclease; and (c) contacting the DNA with the rationally-designed meganuclease; whereby the rationally-designed meganuclease cleaves the DNA.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for cleaving a double-stranded DNA comprising: (a) introducing into the DNA a recognition site for a rationally-designed I CreI derived meganuclease with altered specificity relative to I-CreI, wherein the recognition site is not cleaved by a naturally-occurring I-CreI, wherein the recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG; and (b) providing the rationally-designed meganuclease; and (c) contacting the DNA with the rationally-designed meganuclease; whereby the rationally-designed meganuclease cleaves the DNA.

In some embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT.

In some embodiments, the DNA cleavage is in vitro. In other embodiments, the DNA cleavage is in vivo.

In some embodiments, the DNA is selected from the group consisting of a PCR product; an artificial chromosome; genomic DNA isolated from bacteria, fungi, plants, or animal cells; and viral DNA.

In some embodiments, the DNA is present in a cell selected from the group consisting of a bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cell.

In some embodiments, the DNA is present in a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of a plasmid, a prophage and a chromosome.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises rationally-designing the I CreI derived meganuclease to recognize the recognition site.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises producing the rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganuclease.

In another aspect, the invention provides a cell transformed with a nucleic acid comprising, in order: a) a first 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I CreI derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I CreI derived meganuclease; b) a four base pair DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT; and c) a second 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I CreI derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from the single-chain I CreI derived meganuclease, wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a cell containing an exogenous nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome, comprising, in order: a) a first exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I CreI derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I CreI derived meganuclease; b) an exogenous four base pair DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT; and a) a second exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I CreI derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from the single-chain I CreI derived meganuclease, wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a plasmid, an artificial chromosome, or a viral nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, the cell is a non-human animal cell, a plant cell, a bacterial cell, or a fungal cell.

In some embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG or GCAG.

In some embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA or GCAT.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of conducting a custom-designed, I-CreI-derived meganuclease business comprising: (a) receiving a DNA sequence into which a double-strand break is to be introduced by a rationally-designed I CreI-derived meganuclease; (b) identifying in the DNA sequence at least one recognition site for a rationally-designed I CreI-derived meganuclease with altered specificity relative to I-CreI, wherein the recognition site is not cleaved by a naturally-occurring I-CreI, wherein the recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG; and (c) providing the rationally-designed meganuclease.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises rationally-designing the I CreI derived meganuclease to recognize the recognition site.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises producing the rationally-designed meganuclease.

In some embodiments, the rationally-designed meganuclease is provided to the same party from which the DNA sequence has been received.

These and other aspects and embodiments of the invention will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the following detailed description of the invention, figures and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the interactions between the naturally-occurring I-CreI homodimer and a double-stranded recognition sequence, based upon crystallographic data. This schematic representation depicts one recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3), shown as unwound for illustration purposes only, bound by the homodimer, shown as two ovals. The bases of each DNA half-site are numbered −1 through −9, and the amino acid residues of I-CreI which form the recognition surface are indicated by one-letter amino acid designations and numbers indicating residue position. The four base pairs that comprise the center sequence are numbered +1 to +4. Solid black lines: hydrogen bonds to DNA bases. (B) One wild-type I-CreI recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3) showing the locations of the inverted half-sites and center sequence.

FIG. 2. (A) Schematic diagram of the plasmid substrates evaluated to determine center sequence preference. A set of pUC-19 plasmids were produced which harbored potential recognition sequences for the genetically-engineered meganuclease DJ1. These potential recognition sequences comprised a pair of inverted DJ1 half-sites separated by a variety of different four base pair center sequences (numbered +1 through +4), as described below. (B) Example of gel electrophoresis data showing DJ1 meganuclease cleavage of plasmid substrates described in (A). The “uncut” arrow indicates XmnI linearized plasmid substrate. The “cut” arrows indicate XmnI linearized plasmid substrates which have also been successfully cleaved by DJ1.

FIG. 3. (A) Schematic diagram of a T-DNA that was stably integrated into the Arabidopsis thaliana genome as described in Example 1. In this T-DNA construct, a codon-optimized gene encoding the genetically-engineered BRP2 meganuclease (BRP2) (SEQ ID NO: 8) is under the control of a Hsp70 promoter (HSP) and a NOS terminator (TERM). A pair of potential BRP2 recognition sequences (Site1, Site2) are housed adjacent to the terminator separated by 7 base pairs containing a PstI restriction enzyme site (PstI). A kanamycin resistance marker (Kan) is also housed on the T-DNA to allow selection for stable transformants. (B) The expected product following BRP2 meganuclease cleavage of Site1 and Site2 showing loss of the intervening 7 base pair fragment and PstI restriction site. Arrows show the location of PCR primers used to screen for cleavage of the T-DNA. (C) Sequences of the BRP2 recognition sequences housed on either the GTAC construct (GTAC) or the TAGA construct (TAGA) with center sequences underlined. (D) Example of electrophoresis data from a plant transformed with the GTAC construct. Genomic DNA was isolated from the leaves of Arabidopsis seedlings stably transformed with either the GTAC T-DNA construct before and after a 2 hour “heat-shock” to induce BRP2 expression. DNA samples were then added to PCR reactions using the primers shown in (B). PCR reactions were digested with PstI and visualized by gel electrophoresis. C: control lane lacking PstI. 44, 45, and 46: PCR samples from three representative plants showing nearly complete digestion by PstI in samples taken prior to heat shock (−lanes) and very little digestion by PstI in samples taken after heat-shock (+lanes). These results indicate that the BRP2 meganuclease was able to cleave the BRP2 recognition sequence which incorporated a GTAC center sequence in vivo.

FIG. 4. (A) Schematic diagram of a T-DNA that was stably integrated into the Arabidopsis thaliana genome as described in Example 2. In this T-DNA construct, a codon-optimized gene encoding the BRP12-SC meganuclease (BRP12-SC) (SEQ ID NO: 15) is under the control of a Hsp70 promoter (HSP) and a NOS terminator (TERM). A pair of potential BRP12-SC recognition sequences (Site1, Site2) are housed adjacent to the terminator separated by 7 base pairs containing a PstI restriction enzyme site (PstI). A kanamycin resistance marker (Kan) is also housed on the T-DNA to allow selection for stable transformants. (B) The expected product following BRP12-SC meganuclease cleavage of Site1 and Site2 showing loss of the intervening 7 base pair fragment and PstI restriction site. Arrows show the location of PCR primers used to screen for cleavage of the T-DNA. (C) Sequences of the BRP12-SC recognition sequences housed on either the GTAC construct (GTAC) or the TAGA construct (TAGA) with center sequences underlined.

FIG. 5. Graphic representation of the effects of meganuclease concentration and center sequence on in vitro meganuclease cleavage. The BRP2 meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 8, see Example 1) was added at the indicated concentration to a digest reaction containing 0.25 picomoles of a plasmid substrate harboring either a BRP2 recognition sequence with the center sequence GTAC or a BRP2 recognition sequence with the center sequence TAGA. Reactions were 25 microliters in SA buffer (25 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM EDTA). Reactions were incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and were then visualized by gel electrophoresis and the percent of plasmid substrate cleaved by the meganuclease was plotted as a function of meganuclease concentration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1.1 Introduction

The present invention is based, in part, upon the identification and characterization of particular DNA sequences that are more efficiently cleaved by the rationally-designed, I-CreI-derived meganucleases. Specifically, the invention is based on the discovery that certain four-base pair DNA sequences, when incorporated as the central four-base pairs of a rationally-designed, I-CreI-derived meganuclease recognition sequence, can significantly impact cleavage by the corresponding meganuclease although the meganuclease does not, based upon analysis of crystal structures, appear to contact the central four base pairs. As there are four DNA bases (A, C, G, and T), there are 4⁴ or 256 possible DNA sequences that are four base pairs in length. All of these possible sequences were examined to determine the subsets of sequences that are more efficiently cleaved by I-CreI-derived meganucleases. The results of this analysis allow for more accurate prediction of whether or not a particular double-stranded DNA site 22 base pairs in length can be more efficiently cleaved by the I-CreI-derived meganuclease.

1.2 References and Definitions

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes knowledge that is available to those of skill in the art. The issued U.S. patents, allowed applications, published foreign applications, and references, including GenBank database sequences, that are cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

As used herein, the term “I-CreI-derived meganuclease” refers to a rationally-designed (i.e., genetically-engineered) meganuclease that is derived from I-CreI. The term genetically-engineered meganuclease, as used herein, refers to a recombinant variant of an I-CreI homing endonuclease that has been modified by one or more amino acid insertions, deletions or substitutions that affect one or more of DNA-binding specificity, DNA cleavage activity, DNA-binding affinity, and/or dimerization properties. Some genetically-engineered meganucleases are known in the art (see, e.g., Porteus et al. (2005), Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 967-73; Sussman et al. (2004), J. Mol. Biol. 342: 31-41; Epinat et al. (2003), Nucleic Acids Res. 31: 2952-62) and a general method for rationally-designing such variants is disclosed in WO 2007/047859. Additional methods for genetically-engineering such variants are disclosed in WO 04/067736, WO 07/060,495, WO 06/097853, WO 07/049,095, WO 08/102,198, WO 08/010,093, WO 08/010,009, WO 07/093,918, WO 07/093,836, WO 08/102,274, WO 08/059,317, WO 09/013,622, WO 09/019,614, WO 09/019,528, WO 08/152,523, WO 04/067753, WO 03/078619, WO 06/097784, WO 07/034,262, WO 07/049,156, WO 07/057,781, WO 08/093,152, WO 08/102,199, WO 08/102,274, WO 08/149,176, WO 09/013,559, WO 09/013,622, and WO 09/019,528.

A meganuclease may bind to double-stranded DNA as a homodimer, as is the case for wild-type I-CreI, or it may bind to DNA as a heterodimer. A meganuclease may also be a “single-chain heterodimer” in which a pair of DNA-binding domains derived from I-CreI are joined into a single polypeptide using a peptide linker. The term “homing endonuclease” is synonymous with the term “meganuclease.”

As used herein, the term “rationally-designed” means non-naturally occurring and/or genetically engineered. The rationally-designed meganucleases of the invention differ from wild-type or naturally-occurring meganucleases in their amino acid sequence or primary structure, and may also differ in their secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure. In addition, the rationally-designed meganucleases of the invention also differ from wild-type or naturally-occurring meganucleases in recognition sequence-specificity and/or activity.

As used herein, with respect to a protein, the term “recombinant” means having an altered amino acid sequence as a result of the application of genetic engineering techniques to nucleic acids which encode the protein, and cells or organisms which express the protein. With respect to a nucleic acid, the term “recombinant” means having an altered nucleic acid sequence as a result of the application of genetic engineering techniques. Genetic engineering techniques include, but are not limited to, PCR and DNA cloning technologies; transfection, transformation and other gene transfer technologies; homologous recombination; site-directed mutagenesis; and gene fusion. In accordance with this definition, a protein having an amino acid sequence identical to a naturally-occurring protein, but produced by cloning and expression in a heterologous host, is not considered recombinant.

As used herein, the term “genetically-modified” refers to a cell or organism in which, or in an ancestor of which, a genomic DNA sequence has been deliberately modified by recombinant technology. As used herein, the term “genetically-modified” encompasses the term “transgenic.”

As used herein, the term “wild-type” refers to any naturally-occurring form of a meganuclease. The term “wild-type” is not intended to mean the most common allelic variant of the enzyme in nature but, rather, any allelic variant found in nature. Wild-type meganucleases are distinguished from recombinant or non-naturally-occurring meganucleases.

As used herein, the term “recognition sequence half-site” or simply “half site” means a 9 base pair DNA sequence which is recognized by a meganuclease monomer, in the case of a dimeric meganuclease, or by one domain of a single-chain meganuclease.

As used herein, the term “recognition sequence” refers to a pair of half-sites which is bound and cleaved by a meganuclease. A recognition sequence comprises a pair of inverted, 9 base pair half sites separated by four base-pairs. The recognition sequence is, therefore, 22 base-pairs in length. The base pairs of each half-site are designated −9 through −1, with the −9 position being most distal from the cleavage site and the −1 position being adjacent to the 4 base pair center sequence, the base pairs of which are designated +1 through +4. The strand of each half-site which is oriented 5′ to 3′ in the direction from −9 to −1 (i.e., towards the cleavage site), is designated the “sense” strand, and the opposite strand is designated the “antisense strand”, although neither strand may encode protein. Thus, the “sense” strand of one half-site is the antisense (opposite) strand of the other half-site. See, for example, FIG. 1 a.

As used herein, the term “center sequence” refers to the four base pairs separating half sites in the meganuclease recognition sequence. These bases are numbered +1 through +4 in FIG. 1 a. The center sequence comprises the four bases that become the 3′ single-strand overhangs following meganuclease cleavage. “Center sequence” can refer to the sequence of the sense strand or the antisense (opposite) strand.

As used herein, the term “specificity” refers to the ability of a meganuclease to recognize and cleave double-stranded DNA molecules only at a particular subset of all possible recognition sequences. The set of recognition sequences will share certain conserved positions or sequence motifs, but may be degenerate at one or more positions. A more specific meganuclease is capable of binding and cleaving a smaller subset of the possible recognition sequences, whereas a less specific meganuclease is capable of binding and cleaving a larger subset of the possible recognition sequences.

As used herein, the term “palindromic” refers to a recognition sequence consisting of inverted repeats of identical half-sites. In this case, however, the palindromic sequence need not be palindromic with respect to the center sequence, which is not contacted by the enzyme. In the case of dimeric meganucleases, palindromic DNA sequences are recognized by homodimers in which the two monomers make contacts with identical half-sites.

As used herein, the term “pseudo-palindromic” refers to a recognition sequence consisting of inverted repeats of non-identical or imperfectly palindromic half-sites. In this case, the pseudo-palindromic sequence need not be palindromic with respect to the center sequence, and also can deviate from a perfectly palindromic sequence between the two half-sites. Pseudo-palindromic DNA sequences are typical of the natural DNA sites recognized by wild-type homodimeric meganucleases in which two identical enzyme monomers make contacts with different half-sites.

As used herein, the term “non-palindromic” refers to a recognition sequence composed of two unrelated half-sites of a meganuclease. In this case, the non-palindromic sequence need not be palindromic with respect to either the center sequence or the two monomer half-sites. Non-palindromic DNA sequences are recognized by either heterodimeric meganucleases or single-chain meganucleases comprising a pair of domains that recognize non-identical half-sites.

As used herein, the term “activity” refers to the rate at which a meganuclease of the invention cleaves a particular recognition sequence. Such activity is a measurable enzymatic reaction, involving the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds of double-stranded DNA. The activity of a meganuclease acting on a particular DNA substrate is affected by the affinity or avidity of the meganuclease for that particular DNA substrate which is, in turn, affected by both sequence-specific and non-sequence-specific interactions with the DNA.

As used herein, the term “homologous recombination” refers to the natural, cellular process in which a double-stranded DNA-break is repaired using a homologous DNA sequence as the repair template (see, e.g., Cahill et al. (2006), Front. Biosci. 11:1958-1976). The homologous DNA sequence may be an endogenous chromosomal sequence or an exogenous nucleic acid that was delivered to the cell. Thus, for some applications, a meganuclease is used to cleave a recognition sequence within a target sequence in a genome and an exogenous nucleic acid with homology to or substantial sequence similarity with the target sequence is delivered into the cell and used as a template for repair by homologous recombination. The DNA sequence of the exogenous nucleic acid, which may differ significantly from the target sequence, is thereby incorporated into the chromosomal sequence. The process of homologous recombination occurs primarily in eukaryotic organisms. The term “homology” is used herein as equivalent to “sequence similarity” and is not intended to require identity by descent or phylogenetic relatedness.

As used herein, the term “non-homologous end-joining” refers to the natural, cellular process in which a double-stranded DNA-break is repaired by the direct joining of two non-homologous DNA segments (see, e.g., Cahill et al. (2006), Front. Biosci. 11:1958-1976). DNA repair by non-homologous end joining is error-prone and frequently results in the untemplated addition or deletion of DNA sequences at the site of repair. Thus, for some applications, a meganuclease can be used to produce a double-stranded break at a meganuclease recognition sequence within a target sequence in a genome to disrupt a gene (e.g., by introducing base insertions, base deletions, or frameshift mutations) by non-homologous end joining. For other applications, an exogenous nucleic acid lacking homology to or substantial sequence similarity with the target sequence may be captured at the site of a meganuclease-stimulated double-stranded DNA break by non-homologous end joining (see, e.g., Salomon et al. (1998), EMBO J. 17:6086-6095). The process of non-homologous end joining occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria.

As used herein, the term “sequence of interest” means any nucleic acid sequence, whether it codes for a protein, RNA, or regulatory element (e.g., an enhancer, silencer, or promoter sequence), that can be inserted into a genome or used to replace a genomic DNA sequence using a meganuclease protein. Sequences of interest can have heterologous DNA sequences that allow for tagging a protein or RNA that is expressed from the sequence of interest. For instance, a protein can be tagged with tags including, but not limited to, an epitope (e.g., c-myc, FLAG) or other ligand (e.g., poly-His). Furthermore, a sequence of interest can encode a fusion protein, according to techniques known in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley 1999). For some applications, the sequence of interest is flanked by a DNA sequence that is recognized by the meganuclease for cleavage. Thus, the flanking sequences are cleaved allowing for proper insertion of the sequence of interest into genomic recognition sequences cleaved by a meganuclease. For some applications, the entire sequence of interest is homologous to or has substantial sequence similarity with a target sequence in the genome such that homologous recombination effectively replaces the target sequence with the sequence of interest. For other applications, the sequence of interest is flanked by DNA sequences with homology to or substantial sequence similarity with the target sequence such that homologous recombination inserts the sequence of interest within the genome at the locus of the target sequence. For some applications, the sequence of interest is substantially identical to the target sequence except for mutations or other modifications in the meganuclease recognition sequence such that the meganuclease can not cleave the target sequence after it has been modified by the sequence of interest.

As used herein, the term “single-chain meganuclease” refers to a polypeptide comprising a pair of meganuclease subunits joined by a linker. A single-chain meganuclease has the organization: N-terminal subunit-Linker-C-terminal subunit. The two meganuclease subunits, each of which is derived from I-CreI, will generally be non-identical in amino acid sequence and will recognize non-identical half-sites. Thus, single-chain meganucleases typically cleave pseudo-palindromic or non-palindromic recognition sequences. A single chain meganuclease may be referred to as a “single-chain heterodimer” or “single-chain heterodimeric meganuclease” although it is not, in fact, dimeric.

As used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the word “or” is used in the inclusive sense of “and/or” and not the exclusive sense of “either/or.”

2.1 Preferred Center Sequences for I-CreI-Derived Meganucleases

The present invention is based, in part, in the identification of subsets of the possible four base pair center sequences that are preferred by I-CreI-derived meganucleases. As the wild-type enzyme does not make significant contacts with the bases in the center sequence, the same center sequence preferences of the wild-type I-CreI homing nuclease apply to rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganucleases which have been redesigned with respect to, for example, half-site preference, DNA-binding affinity, and/or heterodimerization ability. This invention provides, therefore, important criteria that can be considered in determining whether or not a particular 22 base pair DNA sequence is a suitable I-CreI-derived meganuclease recognition sequence.

The preferred set of center sequences was determined using a genetically-engineered meganuclease called “DJ1” (SEQ ID NO: 4). The production of this meganuclease is described in WO 2007/047859. DJ1 is a homodimeric I-CreI-derived meganuclease which was designed to recognize a palindromic meganuclease recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6) that differs at 4 positions per half-site relative to wild-type I-CreI. This change in half-site specificity was achieved by the introduction of 6 amino acid substitutions to wild type I-CreI (K28D, N30R, S32N, Q38E, S40R, and T42R).

To test for cleavage activity with respect to various recognition sequences, DJ1 was expressed in E. coli and purified as described in Example 1 of WO 2007/047859. Then, 25 picomoles of purified meganuclease protein were added to a 10 nM solution of plasmid DNA substrate in SA buffer (25 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM EDTA) in a 25 microliter reaction. 1 microliter of XmnI restriction enzyme was added to linearize the plasmid substrates. Reactions were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours and were then visualized by gel electrophoresis to determine the extent to which each was cleaved by the DJ1 meganuclease.

The plasmid substrates used in these experiments comprised a pUC-19 plasmid in which a potential meganuclease recognition sequence was inserted into the polylinker site (SmaI site). Each potential meganuclease recognition site comprised a pair of inverted DJ1 half-sites (SEQ ID NO: 7) separated by a different center sequence. Thus, by evaluating DJ1 cleavage of multiple DNA substrates differing only by center sequence, it was possible to determine which center sequences are the most amenable to meganuclease cleavage (FIG. 2).

Initially, only the influence of the N₊₂ and N₊₃ bases were evaluated. The X-ray crystal structure of I-CreI in complex with its natural DNA site shows that the DNA is distorted at these central two base pairs (Jurica et al. (1998), Mol Cell. 2:469-76). Computer modeling suggests that a purine (G or A) at N₊₂ is incompatible with a pyrimidine (C or T) at N₊₃. This is because the distortion introduced by I-CreI binding causes a steric clash between a purine base at N₊₂ and a second purine base-paired to a pyrimidine at N₊₃. This expected incompatibility was verified experimentally by incubating DJ1 protein with plasmid substrates harboring meganuclease recognition sites with all possible center sequences of the form A₊₁X₊₂X₊₃T₊₄ in which X is any base. The results are summarized in Table 1. For Tables 1-5, “Activity” refers to the following:

−: no cleavage in 4 hours

+: 1%-25% cleavage in 4 hours

++: 26%-75% cleavage in 4 hours

+++: 75%-100% cleavage in 4 hours

TABLE 1 The effect of changes at N₊₂ and N₊₃ Seq. No. N₊₁ N₊₂ N₊₃ N₊₄ Activity 1 A A A T + 2 A A C T − 3 A A G T + 4 A A T T − 5 A C A T + 6 A C C T + 7 A C G T + 8 A C T T + 9 A G A T + 10 A G C T − 11 A G G T + 12 A G T T − 13 A T A T ++ 14 A T C T + 15 A T G T ++ 16 A T T T +

Consistent with the computer modeling, it was found that the four plasmid substrates with a purine base at N₊₂ and a pyrimidine base at N₊₃ (sequence numbers 2, 4, 10, and 12) were not cut efficiently by DJ1.

Next, a more comprehensive evaluation of center sequence preference was performed. There are 4⁴ or 256 possible center sequences. Of these, 25%, or 64, have a purine base at N₊₂ and pyrimidine at N₊₃ and, therefore, were eliminated as center sequences based on the experiment described above. Of the remaining 192, 92 are redundant because meganucleases are symmetric and recognize bases equally on both the sense and antisense strand. For example, the sequence A₊₁A₊₂A₊₃A₊₄ on the sense strand is recognized by the meganuclease as T₊₁T₊₂T₊₃T₊₄ on the antisense strand and, thus, A₊₁A₊₂A₊₃A₊₄ and T₊₁T₊₂T₊₃T₊₄ are functionally equivalent. Taking these redundancies into account, as well as the aforementioned N₊₂/N₊₃ conflicts, there were 100 possible center sequences remaining To determine which of these were preferred by meganucleases, we produced 100 plasmid substrates harboring these 100 center sequences flanked by inverted recognition half-sites for the DJ1 meganuclease. DJ1 was then incubated with each of the 100 plasmids and cleavage activity was evaluated as described above. These results are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Cleavable Center Sequences Seq. No. N₊₁ N₊₂ N₊₃ N₊₄ Activity 1 T T T T + 2 T T G T ++ 3 T T C T + 4 T T A T ++ 5 T G G T + 6 T G A T + 7 T C T T ++ 8 T C G T ++ 9 T C C T + 10 T C A T ++ 11 T A G T + 12 T A A T + 13 G T T T ++ 14 G T G T +++ 15 G T C T ++ 16 G T A T +++ 17 G G G T + 18 G G A T ++ 19 G A G T ++ 20 G A A T ++ 21 C T T T + 22 C T G T + 23 C T C T + 24 C T A T + 25 C G G T + 26 C G A T + 27 C C T T + 28 C C G T + 29 C C C T + 30 C C A T + 31 C A G T + 32 C A A T + 33 A T T T + 34 A T G T ++ 35 A T C T + 36 A G G T + 37 A C T T + 38 T T T G + 39 T T G G + 40 T T C G + 41 T T A G +++ 42 T G G G + 43 T G A G + 44 T C T G + 45 T C G G + 46 T C C G + 47 T C A G + 48 T A G G + 49 T A A G + 50 G T T G + 51 G T G G + 52 G T C G + 53 G T A G +++ 54 G G G G + 55 G G A G + 56 G A G G + 57 G A A G + 58 C T T G + 59 C T G G + 60 C T C G + 61 C G G G + 62 C C T G + 63 T T T C ++ 64 T T C C ++ 65 T T A C +++ 66 T G A C ++ 67 T C T C +++ 68 T C C C + 69 T C A C +++ 70 T A A C ++ 71 G T T C ++ 72 G T C C +++ 73 T T T A + 74 T T G A + 75 T T C A + 76 T G G A + 77 T C T A + 78 A T A T ++ 79 A C G T + 80 C T A G + 81 C C G G + 82 G T A C +++ 83 T C G A ++ 84 T T A A ++ 85 T C G C +++ 86 A A G C +++ 87 G A G C +++ 88 G C G C +++ 89 G G G C ++ 90 G T G C +++ 91 T A G C +++ 92 T G G C + 93 T T G C +++ 94 A C G C ++ 95 A G G C + 96 A T G C +++ 97 C A G C + 98 C C G C ++ 99 C G G C + 100 C T G C ++

For clarity, each of the center sequences listed in Table 2 is equivalent to its opposite strand sequence due to the fact that the I-CreI meganuclease binds its recognition sequence as a symmetric homodimer. Thus, sequence no. 100 in Table 2, C₊₁T₊₂G₊₃C₊₄, is equivalent to its opposite strand sequence, G₊₁C₊₂A₊₃G₊₄. From these data, a general set of center sequence preference rules emerge. These rules, which are not meant to supersede Table 1 or Table 2, include:

-   -   1. Center sequences with a purine base at N₊₂ and a pyrimidine         base at N₊₃ cut very poorly, if at all.     -   2. G is preferred at N₊₁. This is equivalent to C at N₊₄. All of         the most preferred center sequences have G at N₊₁ and/or C at         N₊₄.     -   3. C is preferred at N₊₂. This is equivalent to G at N₊₃.     -   4. There is a preference for center sequences with a pyrimidine         base at N₊₂ and a purine base at N₊₃.     -   5. There is a preference for sequences with at least 1 A-T base         pair in the center sequence.

Thus, in general, preferred center sequences have the form G₊N₊₂R₊₃X₊₄ where Y is a pyrimidine (C or T), R is a purine (A or G), and X is any base (A, C, G, or T).

2.2 In Vitro Applications Using Preferred Center Sequences

Genetically-engineered meganucleases have numerous potential in vitro applications including restriction mapping and cloning. These applications are known in the art and are discussed in WO 2007/047859.

One advantage of using genetically-engineered meganucleases rather than conventional restriction enzymes for applications such as cloning is the possibility of cutting DNA to leave a wide range of different 3′ overhangs (“sticky ends”) that are compatible with, for example, the 3′ overhangs produced by cleaving a particular vector of interest. Thus, there are occasions when it is desirable to cleave a meganuclease recognition sequence with a sub-optimal center sequence in order to create a desired overhang.

Because in vitro DNA cleavage conditions are, in general, less stringent than conditions in vivo, the use of sub-optimal center sequences may be acceptable for such applications. For example, relative to in vivo applications, in vitro digests using engineered meganucleases can be performed at a higher ratio of meganuclease to DNA, there is typically less non-specific (genomic) DNA competing for meganuclease, and solution conditions can be optimized to favor meganuclease cleavage (e.g., using SA buffer as described above). Thus, a larger number of center sequences are suitable for in vitro applications than for in vivo applications. All of the center sequences listed in Table 2 are suitable for in vitro applications, but preferred and most preferred center sequences for in vitro applications are listed in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively, with their opposite strand sequences.

TABLE 3 Preferred Center Sequences for in vitro Applications Seq. No. N₊₁N₊₂N₊₃N₊₄ Opposite Strand Sequence  1 TTGT ACAA  2 TTAT ATAA  3 TCTT AAGA  4 TCGT ACGA  5 TCAT ATGA  6 GTTT AAAC  7 GTCT AGAC  8 GGAT ATCC  9 GAGT ACTC 10 GAAT ATTC 11 ATGT ACAT 12 TTTC GAAA 13 TTCC GGAA 14 TGAC GTCA 15 TAAC GTTA 16 GTTC GAAC 17 ATAT ATAT 18 TCGA TCGA 19 TTAA TTAA 20 GGGC GCCC 21 ACGC GCGT 22 CCGC GCGG 23 CTGC GCAG

TABLE 4 Most Preferred Center Sequences for in vitro Applications Seq. No. N₁N₂N₃N₄ Opposite Strand Sequence  1 GTGT ACAC  2 GTAT ATAC  3 TTAG CTAA  4 GTAG CTAC  5 TTAC GTAA  6 TCTC GAGA  7 TCAC GTGA  8 GTCC GGAC  9 GTAC GTAC 10 TCGC GCGA 11 AAGC GCTT 12 GAGC GCTC 13 GCGC GCGC 14 GTGC GCAC 15 TAGC GCTA 16 TTGC GCAA 17 ATGC GCAT

Obviously, not every 22 base pair DNA sequence having a preferred or most preferred center sequence is capable of being a meganuclease recognition sequence in vitro. The sequence of the half-sites flanking the center sequence must also be amenable to meganuclease recognition and cleavage. Methods for engineering a meganuclease including I-CreI, to recognize a pre-determined half-site are known in the art (see, e.g., WO 2007/047859). Thus, a preferred I-CreI-derived meganuclease recognition sequence for in vitro applications will comprise: (1) a first 9 base pair half-site amenable to recognition by a meganuclease monomer (or a first domain of a single-chain meganuclease); (2) a preferred or most preferred center sequence from Table 2 or Table 3; and (3) a second 9 base pair half-site amenable to recognition by a meganuclease monomer (or a second domain of a single-chain meganuclease) in the reverse orientation relative to the first half-site.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides methods for cleaving a double-stranded DNA in vitro by (a) identifying at least one potential recognition site for at least one I-CreI-derived meganuclease within the DNA, wherein the potential recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group of central sequences of Table 2; (b) identifying an I-CreI-derived meganuclease which recognizes that recognition site in the DNA; and (c) contacting the I-CreI-derived meganuclease with the DNA; whereby the I-CreI meganuclease cleaves the DNA.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for cleaving a double-stranded DNA in vitro by (a) introducing into the DNA a recognition site for an I-CreI-derived meganuclease having a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of central sequences of Table 2; and (b) contacting the I-CreI-derived meganuclease with the DNA; whereby the I-CreI-derived meganuclease cleaves the DNA.

In particular, in some embodiments, the DNA is selected from a PCR product; an artificial chromosome; genomic DNA isolated from bacteria, fungi, plants, or animal cells; and viral DNA.

In some embodiments, the DNA is present in a nucleic acid selected from a plasmid, a prophage and a chromosome.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from Table 3. In other embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from Table 4.

In some embodiments, the I-CreI-derived meganuclease can be specifically designed for use with the chosen recognition site in the method.

2.3 In Vivo Applications Using Preferred Center Sequences

Applications such as gene therapy, cell engineering, and plant engineering require meganuclease function inside of a living cell (for clarity, any intracellular application will be referred to as an “in vivo” application whether or not such cell is isolated or part of a multicellular organism). These applications are known in the art and are described in, e.g., WO 2007/047859. In vivo applications are significantly restricted relative to in vitro applications with regard to the center sequence. This is because intracellular conditions cannot be manipulated to any great extent to favor meganuclease activity and/or because vast amounts of genomic DNA compete for meganuclease binding. Thus, only meganuclease recognition sequences with optimal center sequences are preferred for in vivo applications. Such sequences are listed in Table 5 with their opposite strand sequences.

TABLE 5 Preferred Center Sequences for in vivo applications. Seq. No. N₁N₂N₃N₄ Opposite Strand Sequence  1 GTGT ACAC  2 GTAT ATAC  3 TTAG CTAA  4 GTAG CTAC  5 TTAC GTAA  6 TCTC GAGA  7 TCAC GTGA  8 GTCC GGAC  9 GTAC GTAC 10 TCGC GCGA 11 AAGC GCTT 12 GAGC GCTC 13 GCGC GCGC 14 GTGC GCAC 15 TAGC GCTA 16 TTGC GCAA 17 ATGC GCAT

Obviously, not every 22 base pair DNA sequence having a preferred center sequence is capable of being a meganuclease recognition sequence in vivo. The sequence of the half-sites flanking the center sequence must also be amenable to meganuclease recognition and cleavage. Methods for engineering a meganuclease, including I-CreI, to recognize a pre-determined half-site are known in the art (see, e.g., WO 2007/047859). Thus, a preferred in vivo meganuclease recognition sequence will comprise: (1) a first 9 base pair half-site amenable to recognition by a meganuclease monomer (or a first domain of a single-chain meganuclease); (2) a preferred center sequence from Table 5; and (3) a second 9 base pair half-site amenable to recognition by a meganuclease monomer (or a second domain of a single-chain meganuclease) in the reverse orientation relative to the first half-site.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides methods for cleaving a double-stranded DNA in vivo by (a) identifying at least one potential recognition site for at least one I-CreI-derived meganuclease within the DNA, wherein the potential recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group of central sequences of Table 2; (b) identifying an I-CreI-derived meganuclease which recognizes that recognition site in the DNA; and (c) contacting the I-CreI-derived meganuclease with the DNA; whereby the I-CreI-derived meganuclease cleaves the DNA.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for cleaving a double-stranded DNA in vivo by (a) introducing into the DNA a recognition site for an I-CreI-derived meganuclease having a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of central sequences of Table 2; and (b) contacting the I-CreI-derived meganuclease with the DNA; whereby the I-CreI-derived meganuclease cleaves the DNA.

In some embodiments, the DNA is present in a cell selected from a bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cell.

In some embodiments, the DNA is present in a nucleic acid selected from a plasmid, a prophage and a chromosome.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from Table 3. In other embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from Table 4.

In some embodiments, the I-CreI-derived meganuclease is specifically designed for use with the chosen recognition site in the methods of the invention.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, the method includes the additional step of rationally-designing the I-CreI-derived meganuclease to recognize the chosen recognition site. In some embodiments, the method further comprises producing the I-CreI-derived meganuclease.

In another aspect, the invention provides cells transformed with a nucleic acid including (a) a first 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; (b) a four base pair DNA sequence selected from Table 2; and (c) a second 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.

In another aspect, the invention provides a cell containing an exogenous nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome, including, in order: (a) a first exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; (b) an exogenous four base pair DNA sequence selected from Table 2; and (c) a second exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.

In another aspect, the invention provides a cell containing an exogenous nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome, including, in order: (a) a first exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; (b) an exogenous two base pair DNA sequence, wherein the two base pairs correspond to bases N₊₁ and N₊₂ of a four base pair DNA sequence selected from Table 2; (c) an exogenous DNA sequence comprising a coding sequence which is expressed in the cell; (d) an exogenous two base pair DNA sequence, wherein the two base pairs correspond to bases N₊₃ and N₊₄ of a four base pair DNA sequence selected from Table 2; and (e) a second exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by the I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from the single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a plasmid. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is an artificial chromosome. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is integrated into the genomic DNA of the cell. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is a viral nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, the cell is selected from the group a human cell, a non-human animal cell, a plant cell, a bacterial cell, and a fungal cell.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from Table 3. In other embodiments, the four base pair DNA sequence is selected from Table 4.

In some embodiments, the I-CreI meganuclease is specifically designed for use with the chosen recognition site in the methods of the invention.

2.4 Methods of Conducting a Custom-Designed, I-CreI-Derived Meganuclease Business

A meganuclease business can be conducted based on I-CreI-derived meganucleases. For example, such business can operate as following. The business received a DNA sequence into which a double-strand break is to be introduced by a rationally-designed I CreI-derived meganuclease. The business identifies in the DNA sequence at least one recognition site for a rationally-designed I CreI-derived meganuclease with altered specificity relative to I-CreI,

wherein the recognition site is not cleaved by a naturally-occurring I-CreI, wherein the recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG. The business then provides a rationally-designed meganuclease that cleaves the recognition site in the DNA.

Optionally, the business rationally-designs an I-CreI-derived meganuclease that cleaves the recognition site in the DNA. Optionally, the business produces the rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganuclease.

2.5 Specifically Excluded Center Sequences

The center sequences GTAC, ACAC, and GTGA have previously been shown to be effective center sequences for in vitro and in vivo applications. These center sequences are specifically excluded from some aspects of the present invention. In addition, the center sequences TTGA and GAAA have previously been shown to be poor center sequences for in vivo applications (Arnould, et al. (2007). J. Mol. Biol. 371: 49-65).

EXAMPLES

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific substances and procedures described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims that follow the examples below. Examples 1 and 2 refer to engineered meganucleases cleaving optimized meganuclease recognition sites in vivo in a model plant system. Example 3 refers to an engineered meganuclease cleaving optimized meganuclease recognition sites in vitro.

Example 1 Cleavage of an Optimized Meganuclease Recognition Site by a Rationally-Designed, I-CreI-Derived Meganuclease Homodimer In Vivo

An engineered meganuclease called BRP2 (SEQ ID NO: 8) was produced using the method disclosed in WO 2007/047859. This meganuclease is derived from I-CreI and was engineered to recognize DNA sites that are not recognized by wild-type I-CreI (e.g., BRP2 recognition sequences include SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10, or SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12). To facilitate nuclear localization of the engineered meganuclease, an SV40 nuclear localization signal (NLS, SEQ ID NO: 13) was added to the N-terminus of the protein. Conventional Agrobacterium-mediated transformation procedures were used to transform Arabidopsis thaliana with a T-DNA containing a codon-optimized BRP2 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14). Expression of BRP2 meganuclease was under the control of a Hsp70 promoter and a NOS terminator. A pair of BRP2 recognition sequences were housed on the same T-DNA separated by 7 base pairs containing a PstI restriction enzyme site (FIG. 3 a). BRP2 cutting of the pair of BRP2 recognition sequences in this construct was expected to excise the region between the recognition sequences and thereby remove the PstI restriction site (FIG. 3 b). Two such T-DNA constructs were produced which varied the center sequence of the meganuclease recognition sequences flanking the PstI restriction enzyme site (FIG. 3 c). In the first construct (the “GTAC construct”), the meganuclease recognition sites had the center sequence GTAC (a preferred in vivo center sequence, Table 5, sequence 9; SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO 10). The second construct (the “TAGA construct”) had the center sequence TAGA (a non-preferred center sequence, opposite strand sequence to Table 2, sequence 77; SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO 12).

Stably transformed Arabidopsis plants carrying each construct were produced by selection for a kanamycin resistance marker housed on the T-DNA. Genomic DNA was then isolated from the transformed plants (by leaf punch) before and after heat-shock to induce BRP2 meganuclease expression. Genomic DNA samples were added to PCR reactions using primers to amplify the region of the T-DNA housing the meganuclease recognition sequences. PCR products were then digested with PstI and visualized by gel electrophoresis (FIG. 3 d). Results are summarized in Table 6. Any PCR sample in which a significant percentage (>25%) of product was found to be resistant to PstI was considered to be indicative of in vivo meganuclease cleavage in that particular plant and was scored as “cut” in Table 6. It was found that, prior to heat-shock, the vast majority of PCR samples from plants carrying either construct retained the PstI site. After heat-shock, however, a large percentage of samples taken from plants transformed with the GTAC construct, but not the TAGA construct, had lost the PstI site. PCR products from the GTAC construct-transformed plants lacking a PstI site were cloned into a pUC-19 plasmid and sequenced. 100% of sequenced clones had a precise deletion of the region between the two BRP2 cut sites (as diagrammed in FIG. 3 b). These results indicate that an engineered meganuclease is able to cleave a meganuclease recognition site in vivo provided it has an optimized center sequence.

TABLE 6 In vivo cleavage of optimized meganuclease recognition sequences by an engineered meganuclease homodimer. Before heat-shock After heat-shock Construct Cut Uncut Cut Uncut GTAC 0 4 3 1 TAGA 0 22 0 22

Example 2 Cleavage of an Optimized Meganuclease Recognition Site by a Rationally-Designed, I-CreI-Derived Meganuclease Single-Chain Heterodimer In Vivo

The engineered meganuclease BRP12-SC (SEQ ID NO: 15) was produced in accordance with WO 2007/047859, except that this meganuclease is a single-chain heterodimer. As discussed in WO 2007/047859, wild-type I-CreI binds to and cleaves DNA as a homodimer. As a consequence, the natural recognition sequence for I-CreI is pseudo-palindromic. The BRP12-SC recognition sequences, however, are non-palindromic (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19). This necessitates the use of an engineered meganuclease heterodimer comprising a pair of subunits each of which recognizes one half-site within the full-length recognition sequence. In the case of BRP12-SC, the two engineered meganuclease monomers are physically linked to one another using an amino acid linker to produce a single-chain heterodimer. This linker comprises amino acids 166-204 (SEQ ID NO: 20) of BRP12-SC. The linker sequence joins an N-terminal meganuclease subunit terminated at L165 (corresponding to L155 of wild-type I-CreI) with a C-terminal meganuclease subunit starting at K204 (corresponding to K7 of wild-type I-CreI). The benefits of physically linking the two meganuclease monomers using this novel linker is twofold: First, it ensures that the meganuclease monomers can only associate with one another (heterodimerize) to cut the non-palindromic BRP12-SC recognition sequence rather than also forming homodimers which can recognize palindromic or pseudopalindromic DNA sites that differ from the BRP12-SC recognition sequence. Second, the physical linking of meganuclease monomers obviates the need to express two monomers simultaneously in the same cell to obtain the desired heterodimer. This significantly simplifies vector construction in that it only requires a single gene expression cassette. As was the case with the BRP2 meganuclease discussed in Example 1, the BRP12-SC meganuclease has an SV40 nuclear localization signal (SEQ ID NO: 13) at its N-terminus.

Conventional Agrobacterium-mediated transformation procedures were used to transform Arabidopsis thaliana with a T-DNA containing a codon-optimized BRP12-SC coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 21). Expression of BRP12-SC meganuclease was under the control of a Hsp70 promoter and a NOS terminator. A pair of BRP12-SC recognition sequences were housed on the same T-DNA separated by 7 base pairs containing a PstI restriction enzyme site (FIG. 4 a). BRP12-SC cutting of the pair of BRP12-SC recognition sequences in this construct was expected to excise the region between the recognition sequences and thereby remove the PstI restriction site (FIG. 4 b). Two such T-DNA constructs were produced which varied only in the center sequences of the meganuclease recognition sequences flanking the PstI restriction enzyme site (FIG. 4 c). In the first construct (the “GTAC construct”), the meganuclease recognition sites had the center sequence GTAC (a preferred in vivo center sequence, Table 5, sequence 9; SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO 17). The second construct (the “TAGA construct”) had the center sequence TAGA (a non-preferred center sequence, opposite strand sequence to Table 2, sequence 77; SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO 19).

Stably transformed Arabidopsis plants carrying each construct were produced by selection for a kanamycin resistance marker housed on the T-DNA. Genomic DNA was then isolated from the transformed plants (by leaf punch) before and after heat-shock to induce BRP12-SC meganuclease expression. Genomic DNA samples were added to PCR reactions using primers to amplify the region of the T-DNA housing the meganuclease recognition sequences. PCR products were then digested with PstI and visualized by gel electrophoresis. The results of this analysis are presented in Table 7. Any PCR sample in which a significant percentage (>25%) of product was found to be resistant to PstI was considered to be indicative of in vivo meganuclease cleavage and was scored as “cut” in Table 7. It was found that, prior to heat-shock, the vast majority of PCR samples from plants carrying either construct retained the PstI site. After heat-shock, however, a large percentage of samples taken from plants transformed with the GTAC construct, but not the TAGA construct, had lost the PstI site. PCR products from the GTAC construct-transformed plants lacking a PstI site were cloned into a pUC-19 plasmid and sequenced. 100% of sequenced clones had a precise deletion of the region between the two BRP12-SC cut sites (as diagrammed in FIG. 4 b). These results indicate that an engineered single chain meganuclease is able to cleave a meganuclease recognition site in vivo provided it has an optimized center sequence.

TABLE 7 In vivo cleavage of optimized meganuclease recognition sequences by an engineered meganuclease homodimer. Before heat-shock After heat-shock Construct Cut Uncut Cut Uncut GTAC 0 23 8 15 TAGA 0 59 1 58

Example 3 Cleavage of an Optimized Meganuclease Recognition Site by a Rationally-Designed, I-CreI-Derived Meganuclease Homodimer In Vitro

The BRP2 meganuclease described in Example 1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) was expressed in E. coli and purified as in Example 1 of WO 2007/047859. The purified meganuclease was then added at varying concentrations to reactions containing plasmids harboring BRP2 recognition sequences with either a GTAC or TAGA center sequence (0.25 picomoles of plasmid substrate in 25 microliters of SA buffer: 25 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM EDTA). Reactions were incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and were then visualized by gel electrophoresis and the percentage of each plasmid substrate cleaved by the meganuclease was plotted as a function of meganuclease concentration (FIG. 5). It was found that the plasmid substrate with the TAGA center sequence was cleaved by the meganuclease in vitro, but that cleavage of this substrate required a far higher concentration of BRP2 meganuclease than did cleavage of the GTAC substrate.

SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1 (wild-type I-CreI, Genbank Accession #PO5725)    1 MNTKYNKEFL LYLAGFVDGD GSIIAQIKPN QSYKFKHQLS LAFQVTQKTQ RRWFLDKLVD   61 EIGVGYVRDR GSVSDYILSE IKPLHNFLTQ LQPFLKLKQK QANLVLKIIW RLPSAKESPD  121 KFLEVCTWVD QIAALNDSKT RKTTSETVRA VLDSLSEKKK SSP SEQ ID NO: 2 (wild-type I-CreI recognition sequence)    1 GAAACTGTCT CACGACGTTT TG SEQ ID NO: 3 (wild-type I-CreI recognition sequence)    1 GAAAACGTCG TGAGACAGTT TC SEQ ID NO: 4 (DJ1 amino acid sequence)    1 MNTKYNKEFL LYLAGFVDGD GSIIAQIDPR QNYKFKHELR LRFQVTQKTQ RRWFLDKLVD   61 EIGVGYVRDR GSVSDYILSE IKPLHNFLTQ LQPFLKLKQK QANLVLKIIE QLPSAKESPD  121 KFLEVCTWVD QIAALNDSKT RKTTSETVRA VLDSLSEKKK SSP SEQ ID NO: 5 (DJ1 recognition sequence-GTGA center sequence)    1 AACGGTGTCG TGAGACACCG TT SEQ ID NO: 6 (DJ1 recognition sequence-GTGA center sequence)    1 AACGGTGTCT CACGACACCG TT SEQ ID NO: 7 (DJ1 half-site)    1 AACGGTGTC SEQ ID NO: 8 (BRP2 amino acid sequence)    1 MGPKKKRKVI MNTKYNKEFL LYLAGFVDGD GSIIASIRPR QSCKFKHELE   51 LRFQVTQKTQ RRWFLDKLVD EIGVGYVRDR GSVSDYRLSQ IKPLHNFLTQ  101 LQPFLKLKQK QANLVLKIIE QLPSAKESPD KFLEVCTWVD QIAALNDSKT  151 RKTTSETVRA VLDSLSEKKK SSP SEQ ID NO: 9 (BRP2 recognition sequence-GTAC center sequence)    1 CTCCGGGTCG TACGACCCGG AG SEQ ID NO: 10 (BRP2 recognition sequence-GTAC center sequence)    1 CTCCGGGTCG TACGACCCGG AG SEQ ID NO: 11 (BRP2 recognition sequence-TAGA center sequence)    1 CTCCGGGTCT AGAGACCCGG AG SEQ ID NO: 12 (BRP2 recognition sequence-TAGA center sequence)    1 CTCCGGGTCT CTAGACCCGG AG SEQ ID NO: 13 (SV40 nuclear localization signal amino acid sequence)    1 MAPKKKRKV SEQ ID NO: 14 (BRP2 codon-optimized DNA sequence)    1 ATGGGCCCGA AGAAGAAGCG CAAGGTCATC ATGAACACCA AGTACAACAA   51 GGAGTTCCTG CTCTACCTGG CGGGCTTCGT GGACGGGGAC GGCTCCATCA  101 TCGCCTCCAT CCGCCCGCGT CAGTCCTGCA AGTTCAAGCA TGAGCTGGAA  151 CTCCGGTTCC AGGTCACGCA GAAGACACAG CGCCGTTGGT TCCTCGACAA  201 GCTGGTGGAC GAGATCGGGG TGGGCTACGT GCGCGACCGC GGCAGCGTCT  251 CCGACTACCG CCTGAGCCAG ATCAAGCCTC TGCACAACTT CCTGACCCAG  301 CTCCAGCCCT TCCTGAAGCT CAAGCAGAAG CAGGCCAACC TCGTGCTGAA  351 GATCATCGAG CAGCTGCCCT CCGCCAAGGA ATCCCCGGAC AAGTTCCTGG  401 AGGTGTGCAC CTGGGTGGAC CAGATCGCCG CTCTGAACGA CTCCAAGACC  451 CGCAAGACCA CTTCCGAGAC CGTCCGCGCC GTGCTGGACA GTCTCTCCGA  501 GAAGAAGAAG TCGTCCCCCT AG SEQ ID NO: 15 (BRP12-SC amino acid sequence)    1 MGPKKKRKVI MNTKYNKEFL LYLAGFVDGD GSIKAQIRPR QSRKFKHELE   51 LTFQVTQKTQ RRWFLDKLVD EIGVGKVYDR GSVSDYELSQ IKPLHNFLTQ  101 LQPFLKLKQK QANLVLKIIE QLPSAKESPD KFLEVCTWVD QIAALNDSKT  151 RKTTSETVRA VLDSLPGSVG GLSPSQASSA ASSASSSPGS GISEALRAGA  201 TKSKEFLLYL AGFVDGDGSI IASIRPRQSC KFKHELELRF QVTQKTQRRW  251 FLDKLVDEIG VGYVRDRGSV SDYRLSQIKP LHNFLTQLQP FLKLKQKQAN  301 LVLKIIEQLP SAKESPDKFL EVCTWVDQIA ALNDSKTRKT TSETVRAVLD  351 SLSEKKKSSP SEQ ID NO: 16 (BRP12-SC recognition sequence-GTAC center sequence)    1 TGCCTCCTCG TACGACCCGG AG SEQ ID NO: 17 (BRP12-SC recognition sequence-GTAC center sequence)    1 CTCCGGGTCG TACGAGGAGG CA SEQ ID NO: 18 (BRP12-SC recognition sequence-TAGA center sequence)    1 TGCCTCCTCT AGAGACCCGG AG SEQ ID NO: 19 (BRP12-SC recognition sequence-TAGA center sequence)    1 CTCCGGGTCT CTAGAGGAGG CA SEQ ID NO: 20 (BRP12-SC linker amino acid sequence)    1 PGSVGGLSPS QASSAASSAS SSPGSGISEA LRAGATKS SEQ ID NO: 21 (BRP12-SC codon-optimized DNA sequence)    1 ATGGGCCCGA AGAAGAAGCG CAAGGTCATC ATGAACACCA AGTACAACAA   51 GGAGTTCCTG CTCTACCTGG CCGGCTTCGT GGACGGCGAC GGCTCCATCA  101 AGGCGCAGAT CCGTCCGCGG CAGAGCCGGA AGTTCAAGCA CGAGCTCGAG  151 CTGACCTTCC AGGTGACCCA GAAGACGCAG AGGCGCTGGT TCCTCGACAA  201 GCTGGTGGAC GAGATCGGGG TGGGCAAGGT CTACGACCGC GGGTCGGTGT  251 CCGACTACGA GCTCTCCCAG ATCAAGCCCC TGCACAACTT CCTCACCCAG  301 CTCCAGCCGT TCCTGAAGCT CAAGCAGAAG CAGGCCAACC TCGTGCTGAA  351 GATCATCGAG CAGCTGCCCT CCGCCAAGGA ATCCCCGGAC AAGTTCCTGG  401 AGGTGTGCAC GTGGGTGGAC CAGATCGCGG CCCTCAACGA CAGCAAGACC  451 CGCAAGACGA CCTCGGAGAC GGTGCGGGCG GTCCTGGACT CCCTCCCAGG  501 ATCCGTGGGA GGTCTATCGC CATCTCAGGC ATCCAGCGCC GCATCCTCGG  551 CTTCCTCAAG CCCGGGTTCA GGGATCTCCG AAGCACTCAG AGCTGGAGCA  601 ACTAAGTCCA AGGAATTCCT GCTCTACCTG GCGGGCTTCG TGGACGGGGA  651 CGGCTCCATC ATCGCCTCCA TCCGCCCGCG TCAGTCCTGC AAGTTCAAGC  701 ATGAGCTGGA ACTCCGGTTC CAGGTCACGC AGAAGACACA GCGCCGTTGG  751 TTCCTCGACA AGCTGGTGGA CGAGATCGGG GTGGGCTACG TGCGCGACCG  801 CGGCAGCGTC TCCGACTACC GCCTGAGCCA GATCAAGCCT CTGCACAACT  851 TCCTGACCCA GCTCCAGCCC TTCCTGAAGC TCAAGCAGAA GCAGGCCAAC  901 CTCGTGCTGA AGATCATCGA GCAGCTGCCC TCCGCCAAGG AATCCCCGGA  951 CAAGTTCCTG GAGGTGTGCA CCTGGGTGGA CCAGATCGCC GCTCTGAACG 1001 ACTCCAAGAC CCGCAAGACC ACTTCCGAGA CCGTCCGCGC CGTGCTGGAC 1051 AGTCTCTCCG AGAAGAAGAA GTCGTCCCCC TAG 

1. A method for cleaving a double-stranded DNA comprising: (a) identifying in said DNA at least one recognition site for a rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganuclease with altered specificity relative to I-CreI, wherein said recognition site is not cleaved by a naturally-occurring I-CreI, wherein said recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG; (b) providing said rationally-designed meganuclease; and (c) contacting said DNA with said rationally-designed meganuclease; whereby said rationally-designed meganuclease cleaves said DNA.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said DNA cleavage is in vitro.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said DNA is selected from the group consisting of a PCR product; an artificial chromosome; genomic DNA isolated from bacteria, fungi, plants, or animal cells; and viral DNA.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said DNA cleavage is in vivo.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said DNA is present in a cell selected from the group consisting of a bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cell.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said DNA is present in a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of a plasmid, a prophage and a chromosome.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said four base pair DNA sequence is selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising rationally-designing said I-CreI-derived meganuclease to recognize said recognition site.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing said rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganuclease.
 11. A cell transformed with a nucleic acid comprising, in order: a) a first 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; b) a four base pair DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT; and c) a second 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from the single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease, wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.
 12. A cell containing an exogenous nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome, comprising, in order: a) a first exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a first domain from a single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease; b) an exogenous four base pair DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT; and a) a second exogenous 9 base pair DNA sequence which can be bound by an I-CreI-derived meganuclease monomer or by a second domain from the single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease, wherein the second 9 base pair DNA sequence is in the reverse orientation relative to the first.
 13. The cell of claim 11, wherein said nucleic acid is a plasmid.
 14. The cell of claim 11, wherein said nucleic acid is an artificial chromosome.
 15. The cell of claim 11, wherein said nucleic acid is integrated into the genomic DNA of said cell.
 16. The cell of claim 11, wherein said nucleic acid is a viral nucleic acid.
 17. The cell of claim 11, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of a human cell, a non-human animal cell, a plant cell, a bacterial cell, and a fungal cell.
 18. The cell of claim 11, wherein said four base pair DNA sequence is selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG.
 19. The cell of claim 18, wherein said four base pair DNA sequence is selected from the group consisting of GTGT, GTAT, TTAG, GTAG, TTAC, TCTC, TCAC, GTCC, GTAC, TCGC, AAGC, GAGC, GCGC, GTGC, TAGC, TTGC, ATGC, ACAC, ATAC, CTAA, CTAC, GTAA, GAGA, GTGA, GGAC, GTAC, GCGA, GCTT, GCTC, GCGC, GCAC, GCTA, GCAA and GCAT.
 20. A method of conducting a custom-designed, I-CreI-derived meganuclease business comprising: (a) receiving a DNA sequence into which a double-strand break is to be introduced by a rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganuclease; (b) identifying in said DNA sequence at least one recognition site for a rationally-designed I-CreI-derived meganuclease with altered specificity relative to I-CreI, wherein said recognition site is not cleaved by a naturally-occurring I-CreI, wherein said recognition site has a four base pair central sequence selected from the group consisting of TTGT, TTAT, TCTT, TCGT, TCAT, GTTT, GTCT, GGAT, GAGT, GAAT, ATGT, TTTC, TTCC, TGAC, TAAC, GTTC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GGGC, ACGC, CCGC, CTGC, ACAA, ATAA, AAGA, ACGA, ATGA, AAAC, AGAC, ATCC, ACTC, ATTC, ACAT, GAAA, GGAA, GTCA, GTTA, GAAC, ATAT, TCGA, TTAA, GCCC, GCGT, GCGG and GCAG; and (c) providing said rationally-designed meganuclease.
 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising rationally-designing said I-CreI-derived meganuclease to recognize said recognition site.
 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising producing said rationally-designed meganuclease.
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the rationally-designed meganuclease is provided to the same party from which said DNA sequence has been received. 